PetroBaghdad implements the following methods as part of its
operational approach:

1. Static Compatibility Tests
   Mixing formation water and injection water in bottles under controlled temperatures
   to observe precipitation, scaling, or turbidity to identifies immediate chemical
   incompatibilities and potential scaling risks.
2. Dynamic Tube Blocking Tests
   Flowing mixed waters through a capillary tube under reservoir conditions to detect
   scale formation and blockage to Measures real-time scaling tendency and assesses
   flow restriction risks.
3. Core flood Experiments
   Injecting water samples into reservoir core plugs under simulated pressure and
   temperature to evaluate permeability damage to quantifies formation damage potential
   and optimizes injection strategies.
4. Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) Analysis
   High-precision elemental analysis of water samples to determine ion concentrations
   (e.g., Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, SO₄²⁻) to Predicts scaling potential and monitors water chemistry
   changes.
5. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)
   Mineralogical analysis of reservoir rock before and after exposure to injection waterto detects clay swelling, mineral dissolution, or scale precipitation.
6. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
   High-resolution imaging of rock surfaces to observe pore-scale damage or scale
   deposition to visualizes physical changes in rock structure due to water interactions.
7. Turbidity & Suspended Solids Analysis
   Measuring cloudiness (NTU) and filtering solids to assess particulate content
   to ensure injectivity by evaluating solids loading and filtration needs.
8. Bottle Tests (Chemical Compatibility)
   Mixing water samples with chemicals (e.g., biocides, corrosion inhibitors) to check
   for sludge or emulsion formation to validate chemical treatment suitability for field
   applications.
9. Zeta Potential Measurements
   Analysing the electrostatic charge of particles in water to predict colloidal stability
   to assesses fines migration risks and dispersion tendencies.
10. Microbial Analysis (SRB/TGB Testing)
    Culturing water samples to detect sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and other microbes
    to prevents microbiologically induced corrosion (MIC) and reservoir souring.
11. pH & Alkalinity Monitoring
    Tracking pH shifts and buffering capacity of mixed waters to identifies corrosion risks
    and chemical stability.
12. High-Pressure/High-Temperature (HPHT) Aging Tests
    Exposing water mixtures to reservoir-like conditions in pressurized cells
    To Simulates long-term compatibility under actual field conditions.
13. Emulsion Tendency Tests
    Agitating oil-water mixtures to evaluate emulsion formation and stability
    to determines separation challenges and treatment requirements.
14. Filtration Efficiency Tests
    Passing water through membrane filters to measure particle retention and plugging
    to optimise filtration systems for injection water quality.
15. Corrosion Rate Measurements (LPR, Tafel Analysis)
    Electrochemical techniques to quantify metal corrosion rates in water samples to
    evaluates material compatibility and corrosion inhibition needs.
16. Ion Chromatography
    Separating and quantifying anions/cations (e.g., Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻) in water samples to
    provides detailed ionic composition for scaling/corrosion modelling.
17. Resistivity & Conductivity Tests
    Measuring water’s electrical properties to infer salinity and dissolved solids to
    monitors water quality and identify conductive scaling risks.
18. H₂S & CO₂ Solubility Tests
    Assessing gas solubility changes in water under pressure/temperature variations to
    predicts gas breakout and corrosion potential.
19. Interfacial Tension (IFT) Measurements
    Quantifying surface tension between oil/water phases to evaluates emulsion risks and
    surfactant efficacy.
20. Geochemical Modeling (Software-Based)
    Simulating water-rock interactions using tools like PHREEQC or ScaleChem to
    predicts long-term scaling, corrosion, and mineral reactions.
    Applications & Benefits
21. Prevents Formation Damage: Mitigates scaling, clay swelling, and fines migration.
22. Optimizes Injection Water Quality: Ensures long-term injectivity and reservoir
    performance.
23. Reduces Operational Risks: Minimizes corrosion, microbial contamination, and
    emulsion issues.
24. Supports EOR Strategies: Validates water compatibility for polymer/surfactant
    flooding.
    By integrating these methods, PetroBaghdad delivers actionable insights to enhance
    waterflood efficiency and safeguard reservoir integrity